📋 Quick Reference
I+am=I'm a student
He/She/It+is=She is happy
We/You/They+are=We are friends
🎮 Drag & Drop Practice
📌 名词 Noun
表示人、动物、地方或事物的词。分可数名词和不可数名词。
规则复数：+s / +es（box→boxes）| 不规则：child→children, man→men, foot→feet
●dog / dogs, book / books, box / boxes
狗、书、盒子（规则复数）
●child → children, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice
孩子、牙齿、老鼠（不规则复数）
●water, milk, rice, information
不可数名词，不加s
fish / sheep / deer 单复数同形，不要加 s！
📌 动词 Verb
表示动作或状态的词。包括实义动词、连系动词、助动词。
He/She/It + 动词 + s（第三人称单数现在时）
| 主语 | be动词 | 例句 |
|---|
| I | am | I am happy. 我很开心 |
| He / She / It | is | She is tall. 她很高 |
| We / You / They | are | They are friends. 他们是朋友 |
●连系动词：look, feel, smell, taste, sound + 形容词
The cake smells delicious. 蛋糕闻起来很香
I用am，he/she/it用is，其余都用are！
📌 形容词 Adjective🔥 重难点
描述名词，放在名词前或be动词后。可以比较级和最高级变化。
比较级：形容词 + er + than | 最高级：the + 形容词 + est
●Frog is taller than Toad. 青蛙比蟾蜍高
●Toad is the funniest of all. 蟾蜍是所有人里最有趣的
●She is more beautiful than her sister. 她比她姐姐更漂亮（三音节用more）
短形容词（1-2音节）加 -er/-est；长形容词（3音节+）用 more/most
特殊变化：good→better→best, bad→worse→worst, much/many→more→most
📌 代词 Pronoun⚠️ 易错点
代替名词，避免重复。分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词。
| 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主 | 名词性物主 | 反身 |
|---|
| I | me | my | mine | myself |
| you | you | your | yours | yourself |
| he | him | his | his | himself |
| she | her | her | hers | herself |
| we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
●This book is mine. I read it myself. 这是我的书，我自己读的
📌 副词 Adverb
修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，常以 -ly 结尾。表示方式、时间、地点、频率等。
形容词 + ly = 副词（quick→quickly, beautiful→beautifully）
●Frog runs quickly. 青蛙跑得很快（方式）
●I always brush my teeth. 我总是刷牙（频率：always/usually/often/sometimes/never）
●She sings very beautifully. 她歌唱得非常好听（程度）
good→well（不是goodly）；fast / hard / early 形副同形，不加ly
📌 连词 Conjunction
连接单词、短语或句子。分并列连词和从属连词。
| 类型 | 常用连词 | 例句 |
|---|
| 并列 | and, but, or, so, yet | I read and Toad slept. |
| 表转折 | but, however, yet | I tried, but I failed. |
| 表选择 | or, either...or | Tea or coffee? |
| 从属 | because, although, if, when, since | I stayed because it rained. |
📌 冠词 Article — a / an / the⚠️ 易错点
冠词放在名词前，说明名词是泛指还是特指。
辅音音素开头 → a | 元音音素开头（a/e/i/o/u）→ an | 特指/独一无二 → the
●a book, a cat, a university（u发[ju:]，辅音音素）
●an apple, an egg, an hour（h不发音，元音音素）
●I saw a dog. The dog was brown. 第一次提→a，再次提及→the
●the sun / the moon / the earth 独一无二的事物用the
不用冠词：专有名词（China、Tom）、不可数名词泛指（I like music）、复数名词泛指（Dogs are loyal）、三餐和球类运动前（have breakfast, play football）
📌 介词 Preposition — 时间 & 地点⚠️ 易错点
时间：at（时刻）/ on（日期·星期）/ in（月·年·季节） | 地点：in（内部）/ on（接触）/ at（位置）
| 介词 | 时间用法 | 地点用法 |
|---|
| at | at 8 o'clock, at noon, at night | at school, at the door, at home |
| on | on Monday, on March 20th, on my birthday | on the table, on the wall, on the floor |
| in | in March, in 2026, in spring, in the morning | in the box, in Beijing, in the room |
●under（下面）/ next to（旁边）/ between（两者之间）/ in front of（前面）/ behind（后面）
大范围用in，具体日子用on，时刻和地点用at！
📌 名词所有格⚠️ 易错点
表示所属关系，分 's 所有格 和 of 所有格 两种。
人/动物 → 's | 无生命事物 → of | 复数名词 → s'（结尾）
●Frog's hat / Toad's jacket 青蛙的帽子 / 蟾蜍的夹克（单数人 → 's）
●the students' books 学生们的书（规则复数以s结尾 → 只加'）
●the children's playground 孩子们的操场（不规则复数 → 's）
●the cover of the book 书的封面（无生命事物用 of）
两人共同拥有：Frog and Toad's house（一所共有的房子）
各自拥有：Frog's and Toad's hats（各自的帽子，分别加 's）
📌 数量词 Quantifiers⚠️ 易错点
修饰名词数量，可数/不可数名词的搭配规则不同。
| 数量词 | 可数名词（复数） | 不可数名词 | 中文含义 |
|---|
| some | some cookies ✓ | some water ✓ | 一些（肯定句/请求） |
| any | any books ✓ | any milk ✓ | 一些（疑问/否定句） |
| many | many books ✓ | ✗ | 很多（可数） |
| much | ✗ | much water ✓ | 很多（不可数） |
| a few | a few friends ✓ | ✗ | 几个（有一些，肯定含义） |
| few | few friends ✓ | ✗ | 几乎没有（否定含义） |
| a little | ✗ | a little time ✓ | 一点点（有一些，肯定含义） |
| little | ✗ | little time ✓ | 几乎没有（否定含义） |
| a lot of / lots of | a lot of books ✓ | a lot of water ✓ | 很多（均可） |
a few / a little 有"一点点"（正面）；few / little 无a，含"几乎没有"（负面）！
📌 英语5种基本句型
所有英语句子都由这5种基本结构组成。
| 句型 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|
| S + V | 主语 + 不及物动词 | Frog runs. 青蛙跑了 |
| S + V + O | 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 | I like cookies. 我喜欢饼干 |
| S + V + C | 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 | She is happy. 她很开心 |
| S + V + O + O | 主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 | Frog gave Toad a letter. |
| S + V + O + C | 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 宾补 | We call him Frog. |
📌 肯定句
主语 + 谓语 + 其他
●Frog and Toad are best friends. 青蛙和蟾蜍是最好的朋友
●I like reading books every day. 我每天喜欢读书
●The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起（客观事实）
📌 否定句
主语 + don't / doesn't（现在）/ didn't（过去）+ 动词原形
be动词否定：am/is/are/was/were + not
●I don't like snakes. 我不喜欢蛇
●She doesn't eat vegetables. 她不吃蔬菜（he/she/it用doesn't）
●They didn't go to school yesterday. 他们昨天没去学校
●It is not raining now. 现在没有下雨
📌 一般疑问句
Do/Does/Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + ? | Am/Is/Are + 主语 + ...?
●Do you like cookies? — Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 你喜欢饼干吗？
●Does Toad have a list? — Yes, he does. 蟾蜍有清单吗？
●Is she your friend? — Yes, she is. 她是你朋友吗？
●Did they win the game? — No, they didn't. 他们赢了比赛吗？
📌 特殊疑问句（5W1H）⚠️ 易错点
疑问词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?
●What do you like? — I like reading. 你喜欢什么？
●Who is your best friend? — Toad is. 谁是你最好的朋友？
●Where do you live? — I live near the pond. 你住哪里？
●When did Frog arrive? — He arrived at noon. 青蛙什么时候到的？
●Why did Toad feel sad? — Because no one wrote to him. 蟾蜍为什么难过？
●How do you go to school? — I walk. 你怎么去学校？
How many（数量·可数）/ How much（数量·不可数/多少钱）/ How old（多大）/ How far（多远）/ How long（多久）
📌 祈使句 & 感叹句
祈使句：动词原形 + ... | 感叹句：What a/an + 形容词 + 名词! / How + 形容词/副词!
●Sit down, please. 请坐下（祈使句）
●Don't touch that! 别碰那个（否定祈使）
●What a beautiful day! 多美好的一天啊！（感叹句）
●How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊！
📌 There be 句型⚠️ 易错点
表示"某地有某物/某人"，be动词随最近的名词变化。
There is + 单数/不可数名词 + 地点 | There are + 复数名词 + 地点
●There is a letter on the table. 桌子上有一封信
●There are five cookies in the box. 盒子里有五块饼干
●Is there a pond near here? — Yes, there is. 这附近有池塘吗？
●There was a frog sitting by the pond. 池塘边曾坐着一只青蛙（过去时）
●There are both a book and a pen on the desk. 桌上有一本书和一支笔（就近原则）
There be 不能和 have 混用：There is a book.（✓）There has a book.（✗）
就近原则：There is a pen and two books.（be 跟 pen 走）
📌 一般现在时 Simple Present
表示习惯性动作、客观事实、当前状态。
主语 + 动词原形（he/she/it 加 s/es）
●I read every day. 我每天读书（习惯）
●Frog likes cookies. 青蛙喜欢饼干（喜好）
●The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转（客观事实）
时间标志词：always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day/week/year
📌 一般过去时 Simple Past🔥 重难点
表示过去某时发生、已经结束的动作或状态。
规则动词：+ ed | 不规则动词：需记忆
●Toad jumped into the water. 蟾蜍跳进了水里（规则）
●Frog went to see his friend. 青蛙去看朋友了（不规则）
●She was very tired last night. 她昨晚很累
常见不规则过去式：go→went, come→came, see→saw, eat→ate, run→ran, write→wrote, say→said, give→gave, take→took, make→made, find→found, know→knew, think→thought
📌 现在进行时 Present Continuous
表示正在进行的动作，或近期安排好的计划。
主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing
●Frog is reading a book right now. 青蛙现在正在读书
●We are playing outside. 我们正在外面玩
●I am meeting Toad tomorrow. 我明天要见蟾蜍（近期计划）
时间标志词：now, right now, at the moment, at present, look!, listen!
-ing变化规则：一般加ing；以e结尾去e加ing；短元+辅音双写辅音加ing（run→running）
📌 一般将来时 Simple Future⚠️ 易错点
表示将要发生的事情，或当下决定。
will + 动词原形（临时决定/预测）| be going to + 动词原形（计划/迹象）
●I will help you with that. 我来帮你（当下决定）
●It will probably rain tomorrow. 明天可能会下雨（预测）
●I am going to visit grandma this Sunday. 这周日我打算去看奶奶（计划）
●Look at those clouds — it is going to rain! 看那云，要下雨了！（有迹象）
时间标志词：tomorrow, next week/year, in the future, soon
📌 现在完成时 Present Perfect🔥 重难点
表示过去的动作对现在有影响（经历），或从过去持续到现在的状态。
主语 + have / has + 过去分词（pp）
●I have read this book before. 我以前读过这本书（有过这个经历）
●She has lived here for 3 years. 她住在这里已经3年了（还在住）
●Frog has just arrived. 青蛙刚刚到了（对现在有影响）
●Have you ever eaten sushi? 你有没有吃过寿司？
for（持续时长）+ 时间段：for 3 years, for a week
since（从某时起）+ 时间点：since 2020, since last Monday
标志词：already, just, yet, ever, never, recently, before
📌 过去完成时 Past Perfect🔥 重难点
表示过去某时之前已经完成的动作（过去的过去）。
主语 + had + 过去分词（pp）
●When Toad arrived, Frog had already left. 蟾蜍到达时，青蛙已经离开了
●She had finished her homework before dinner. 她晚饭前就完成了作业
过去完成 = 过去时间轴上再往前推一步，用 had + pp！
📌 过去进行时 Past Continuous
表示过去某时正在进行的动作，常与过去时搭配使用。
主语 + was / were + 动词-ing
●Toad was reading when Frog arrived. 青蛙到来时，蟾蜍正在读书
●At 8 pm last night, we were having dinner. 昨晚8点，我们正在吃晚饭
过去进行时 + when + 一般过去时：当...正在...的时候，突然...
📌 现在完成进行时 Present Perfect Continuous🔥 重难点
强调从过去开始一直持续到现在，且可能还在继续的动作。
主语 + have/has + been + 动词-ing
●I have been reading for two hours. 我已经读了两个小时了（还在读）
●She has been waiting since noon. 她从中午起就一直在等
📌 将来进行时 Future Continuous
表示将来某时正在进行的动作。
主语 + will be + 动词-ing
●At 8 pm tomorrow, I will be reading at home. 明天晚上8点，我正在家读书
●This time next week, she will be travelling in Paris. 下周这个时候，她正在巴黎旅游
📌 将来完成时 Future Perfect🔥 重难点
表示到将来某时已经完成的动作。
主语 + will have + 过去分词（pp）
●By next month, I will have finished the book. 到下个月，我将已经读完这本书了
●By the time you arrive, Frog will have left. 等你到达时，青蛙将已经离开了
标志词：by + 将来时间点（by next year, by then, by the time...）
📌 时态总览对比表（10种）🔥 重难点
| 时态 | 结构 | 关键标志词 |
|---|
| 一般现在 | do / does | always, every day, usually |
| 一般过去 | did / was/were | yesterday, last, ago |
| 现在进行 | am/is/are + ing | now, right now, look! |
| 过去进行 | was/were + ing | at 8 pm yesterday, when... |
| 一般将来 | will / be going to | tomorrow, next week, soon |
| 将来进行 | will be + ing | this time tomorrow/next week |
| 现在完成 | have/has + pp | already, just, ever, for, since |
| 过去完成 | had + pp | by then, before, when(过去) |
| 将来完成 | will have + pp | by next year, by the time... |
| 现在完成进行 | have/has + been + ing | for, since（强调持续） |
📌 被动语态基础🔥 重难点
强调动作的承受者，而非发出者。当不知道或不重要谁做了这个动作时使用。
主语 + be动词（时态变化）+ 过去分词 (+ by 施动者)
●The book was written by Frog. 这本书是青蛙写的（一般过去被动）
●English is spoken all over the world. 英语在全世界被使用（一般现在被动）
●The letter is being written now. 信正在被写（现在进行被动）
●The homework has been finished. 作业已经完成了（现在完成被动）
📌 主动 → 被动 转换规则🔥 重难点
| 主动 | 被动 |
|---|
| Frog writes the letter. | The letter is written by Frog. |
| Frog wrote the letter. | The letter was written by Frog. |
| Frog will write the letter. | The letter will be written by Frog. |
| Frog has written the letter. | The letter has been written by Frog. |
| Frog is writing the letter. | The letter is being written by Frog. |
被动公式记忆：be + done（过去分词），be随时态变，done不变！
📌 宾语从句（that引导）
用 that 引导，接在动词后做宾语。that 在口语中常省略。
主句动词 + (that) + 从句（陈述语序：主语 + 谓语）
●I think (that) Frog is very kind. 我认为青蛙非常善良
●She said that she liked the story. 她说她喜欢这个故事
●I know that he is telling the truth. 我知道他在说实话
常接 that 从句的动词：think, know, say, believe, hope, wish, find, feel, hear
📌 宾语从句（疑问词引导）⚠️ 易错点
由 what/who/where/when/why/how 引导，表示疑问内容作宾语。注意用陈述语序。
主句 + 疑问词 + 主语 + 谓语（不倒装！）
●I don't know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪里（不是 where does he live）
●Can you tell me what time it is? 你能告诉我现在几点吗？
●She asked why Toad was sad. 她问蟾蜍为什么难过
嵌入疑问词后，语序变陈述！"I know where he is."（✓）"I know where is he."（✗）
📌 时间状语从句⚠️ 易错点
用 when / while / before / after / since / until / as soon as 引导。
时间连词 + 从句，主句 | 主句 + 时间连词 + 从句
●When Frog arrived, Toad was sleeping. 青蛙到达时，蟾蜍正在睡觉
●I will call you before I leave. 我走之前会给你打电话
●After she finished reading, she went to bed. 她读完书后去睡觉了
●Wait here until I come back. 在这里等到我回来
⚠️ 主将从现原则：主句用 will，时间从句用一般现在时（不用 will）
I will go when it stops raining.（✓）
📌 条件状语从句⚠️ 易错点
用 if / unless / as long as 引导，表示条件。
If + 从句（现在时），主句（will + 动词）
●If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home. 如果明天下雨，我们就待在家里
●Unless you try, you won't succeed. 除非你尝试，否则不会成功
●I will help you as long as you ask. 只要你开口，我就帮你
unless = if...not（除非...否则）；条件从句同样遵守"主将从现"原则
📌 时态"退后一格"规则🔥 重难点
将别人的话转述时，时态、代词、时间/地点词都要相应变化。
| 直接引语时态 | 间接引语时态 |
|---|
| 一般现在（do/does） | → 一般过去（did） |
| 一般过去（did） | → 过去完成（had + pp） |
| 现在进行（am/is/are + ing） | → 过去进行（was/were + ing） |
| 将来（will） | → 过去将来（would） |
| 现在完成（have/has + pp） | → 过去完成（had + pp） |
📌 陈述句转述
直接引语：He said, "I am tired." → 间接引语：He said (that) he was tired.
●Frog said, "I like cookies." → Frog said that he liked cookies. 青蛙说他喜欢饼干
●She said, "I will come tomorrow." → She said she would come the next day. 她说她第二天会来
●He said, "I have finished." → He said he had finished. 他说他已经完成了
📌 疑问句转述⚠️ 易错点
一般疑问 → asked if/whether + 陈述语序 | 特殊疑问 → asked + 疑问词 + 陈述语序
●"Are you tired?" → She asked if/whether I was tired. 她问我是否累了
●"Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived. 他问我住在哪里（陈述语序！）
●"What did Frog say?" → She asked what Frog had said. 她问青蛙说了什么
⚠️ 转述疑问句时绝对不能保留疑问语序！
"where did he go" → where he went（✓）where did he go（✗）
📌 祈使句转述 & 时间地点词变化⚠️ 易错点
祈使 → told/asked/ordered sb. to do / not to do
●"Come here!" → He told me to come there. 他叫我过去那里
●"Don't touch that!" → She told him not to touch that. 她叫他别碰那个
| 直接引语 | → 间接引语 |
|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
📌 基本规则
主语是单数 → 谓语用单数；主语是复数 → 谓语用复数。
●Frog is my friend. / Frog and Toad are my friends. 单数用is，复数用are
●Everyone has a book. / Nobody knows the answer. 不定代词（everyone/nobody/someone/each）视为单数
📌 易错情形⚠️ 易错点
| 主语类型 | 谓语 | 例句 |
|---|
| 集合名词（team/family/class） | 通常单数（英式可复数） | The team is ready. |
| 不定式/动名词做主语 | 单数 | Reading is fun. |
| The number of + 复数名词 | 单数 | The number of students is 30. |
| A number of + 复数名词 | 复数 | A number of students are absent. |
| A, as well as B | 随A走 | Frog, as well as Toad, is here. |
| Either...or / Neither...nor | 就近原则 | Either you or he is right. |
| Not only...but also | 就近原则 | Not only I but also she is tired. |
| 数学计算 | 单数 | Two plus two is four. |
| 时间/金额/距离（整体） | 单数 | Ten dollars is enough. |
就近原则：or / nor / either...or / neither...nor / not only...but also → 谓语跟最近的主语走！
📌 特殊名词的数⚠️ 易错点
●常作复数：scissors, glasses, trousers, jeans, pants
These scissors are sharp. 这把剪刀很锋利（成对物品）
●常作单数：news, mathematics, physics, economics
The news is good. 这个消息是好消息（以s结尾但单数）
●police / people / cattle 永远复数：
The police are here. 警察来了
📌 不定式 to + 动词原形🔥 重难点
可以做主语、宾语、目的状语、定语等。
to + 动词原形
●To read widely is important. 博览群书很重要（做主语）
●I want to eat cookies. 我想吃饼干（做宾语）
●He went home to sleep. 他回家睡觉（目的状语）
●I have a lot of work to do. 我有很多工作要做（做定语）
●She asked me to help her. 她叫我帮她（宾语补足语）
want/ask/tell/help/advise/allow + sb. + to do
let/make/have + sb. + do（省略to，裸不定式）
📌 动名词 动词-ing（名词用法）🔥 重难点
动词的名词形式，做主语、宾语或介词宾语。
动词 + ing（当名词用）
●Reading is my favorite hobby. 读书是我最喜欢的爱好（做主语）
●I enjoy swimming in the pond. 我喜欢在池塘里游泳（做宾语）
●She is good at singing. 她擅长唱歌（介词后用动名词）
●Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来（介词后用动名词）
这些动词后面只接动名词：enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, keep, suggest, consider, practice, miss, give up, look forward to, be used to, be worth
📌 分词 — 现在分词 & 过去分词🔥 重难点
做定语或状语。现在分词=主动/进行，过去分词=被动/完成。
现在分词(-ing) = 主动 | 过去分词(-ed/不规则) = 被动
●the running dog 正在跑的狗（现在分词做定语，主动）
●a broken window 破碎的窗户（过去分词做定语，被动）
●Tired, he fell asleep immediately. 很疲惫，他立刻睡着了（过去分词做状语）
●Hearing the news, she started to cry. 听到这个消息，她开始哭泣（现在分词做状语）
分词做定语：短分词放名词前，长分词短语放名词后
"the sleeping baby"（前置）vs "the girl standing by the door"（后置）
📌 不定式 vs 动名词 — 接法区别⚠️ 易错点
| 只接不定式 | 只接动名词 | 两者都接（含义不同） |
|---|
| want, hope, decide, plan, afford, refuse | enjoy, mind, finish, avoid, suggest, keep | remember, forget, try, stop, go on |
●I remember meeting him. 我记得见过他（动名词=已发生的事）
●Remember to meet him tomorrow. 记得明天去见他（不定式=将来的事）
📌 让步状语从句⚠️ 易错点
although / though / even though / even if + 从句，主句
●Although it rained, we went out. 尽管下雨，我们还是出门了
●Even though he was tired, he kept reading. 即使他很累，他仍然继续读书
●Even if I fail, I will try again. 即使我失败，我也会再试
although/though/even though = 事实让步；even if = 假设让步
⚠️ although 不能和 but 同时使用：Although it rained, we went out.（✓）Although it rained, but we went out.（✗）
📌 原因状语从句
because / since / as / for + 从句
●I stayed home because I was ill. 我因为生病待在家里（直接原因，最常用）
●Since you're here, let's start. 既然你来了，我们开始吧（已知原因）
●As it was late, we decided to stop. 由于已经很晚了，我们决定停下来
📌 结果状语从句
so + 形容词/副词 + that... | so that（目的）
●It was so cold that we wore thick coats. 天气太冷了，所以我们穿上了厚外套
●She ran so fast that no one could catch her. 她跑得太快，没人能追上她
●He studied hard so that he could pass. 他努力学习，为了能通过考试（目的）
📌 比较状语从句
as + 形容词/副词 + as（同级比较）| than（比较级）
●Frog is as tall as Toad. 青蛙和蟾蜍一样高
●She runs faster than her brother. 她跑得比她哥哥快
●The more you read, the more you know. 读得越多，知道得越多
📌 方式状语从句🔥 重难点
用 as / as if / as though 引导，表示方式或假设状态。
as（按照…方式）| as if / as though（好像…，虚拟）
●Do it as I showed you. 按照我给你示范的方式去做（真实方式）
●He talks as if he knew everything. 他说话的样子好像他什么都知道（实际不知道，虚拟）
●She looked as though she had seen a ghost. 她看起来好像见到了鬼（对过去的虚拟）
as if / as though 后接虚拟语气：
与现在相反 → 过去式（as if he were...）
与过去相反 → 过去完成（as if he had seen...）
📌 限制性定语从句🔥 重难点
修饰名词（先行词），明确是哪一个，不可缺少。由关系代词/关系副词引导。
先行词 + who/which/that/whose/where/when + 从句
| 关系词 | 先行词 | 在从句中的成分 |
|---|
| who / that | 人 | 主语或宾语 |
| which / that | 物 | 主语或宾语 |
| whose | 人/物 | 定语（所属关系） |
| where | 地点 | 状语 |
| when | 时间 | 状语 |
●The boy who is reading is my friend. 那个正在读书的男孩是我朋友（who作主语）
●The book (that) I bought is very interesting. 我买的那本书很有趣（that作宾语，可省略）
●Frog found a letter whose envelope was beautiful. 青蛙找到一封信封很漂亮的信（whose表所属）
●This is the pond where Frog lives. 这是青蛙住的那个池塘（where=in which）
📌 非限制性定语从句⚠️ 易错点
对先行词进行补充说明，有逗号隔开，可以省略，不改变主句意思。
先行词，+ which / who + 从句（用逗号隔开，不用that）
●Frog, who lives by the pond, is very kind. 青蛙住在池塘边，他非常善良（补充信息）
●The book, which was written in 1970, is still popular. 这本书写于1970年，至今仍很受欢迎
限制性：The students who work hard will succeed.（特指努力的学生）
非限制性：The students, who work hard, will succeed.（所有学生都努力）
📌 介词 + 关系代词（正式用法）🔥 重难点
将介词提前置于关系代词前，多用于书面语/正式场合。
先行词 + 介词 + which/whom + 从句
●This is the room in which Frog lives. 这是青蛙住的那个房间（= the room which/that Frog lives in）
●She is the teacher from whom I learned so much. 她是我从中学到很多的那位老师（= the teacher who/that I learned from）
●The year in which he was born is 2010. 他出生的那一年是2010年（= the year when）
口语可把介词放句尾：the room that Frog lives in（自然）
书面可提前：the room in which Frog lives（正式）
⚠️ 介词 + that 的结构不存在：the room in that（✗）
📌 主语从句🔥 重难点
整个从句做句子的主语，谓语用单数。
What/That/Whether/疑问词 + 从句 + 谓语（单数）
●What he said is not true. 他说的话不是真的
●That Frog is kind is known to everyone. 青蛙很善良，这是众所周知的
●Whether he comes or not doesn't matter. 他来不来无所谓
主语从句常用 It 作形式主语，把真正的主语从句后置：
It is known that Frog is kind.（更自然）
📌 表语从句🔥 重难点
接在连系动词后，做表语，解释主语是什么。
主语 + be/seem/look + that/what/where/why/whether + 从句
●The problem is that we have no time. 问题是我们没有时间
●This is what I have been waiting for. 这就是我一直在等待的
●That's why Toad felt sad. 那就是蟾蜍为什么难过的原因
📌 同位语从句🔥 重难点
对名词的内容进行解释说明，常跟在 news/fact/idea/hope/truth/question 等后。
抽象名词 + that + 从句（解释该名词的内容）
●The news that Frog had arrived made Toad happy. 青蛙到达的消息让蟾蜍很高兴
●I have no idea that he would fail. 我不知道他会失败
●The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的这个事实是真的
同位语从句 vs 定语从句：同位语从句的that不充当成分，只起连接作用；定语从句的that在从句中做主语或宾语。
📌 情态动词一览
情态动词后接动词原形，本身不随主语变化，无ing/ed形式。
| 情态动词 | 主要含义 | 例句 |
|---|
| can | 能力；可能；请求 | I can swim. Can I help you? |
| could | can的过去式；礼貌请求；可能 | Could you help me? |
| may | 允许；可能（50%） | You may go. It may rain. |
| might | may的过去式；可能性更低 | It might be true. |
| must | 必须；一定（推断） | You must study. He must be tired. |
| should | 应该；推测（应当如此） | You should rest. It should be fine. |
| would | 意愿；过去习惯；礼貌请求 | Would you like tea? I would help. |
| shall | 提议；征询意见（第一人称） | Shall we go? I shall return. |
| need（情态） | 需要（疑问/否定） | Need I go? You needn't hurry. |
| dare（情态） | 敢于（疑问/否定） | Dare he try? I dare not. |
📌 情态动词 + have + 过去分词🔥 重难点
对过去情况进行推断或表达遗憾，是高级用法核心。
情态动词 + have + 过去分词（pp）
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|
| must have + pp | 对过去的肯定推断（一定） | He must have forgotten. |
| can't have + pp | 对过去的否定推断（不可能） | She can't have said that. |
| should have + pp | 过去本应做但没做（遗憾/批评） | I should have studied harder. |
| shouldn't have + pp | 过去不该做但做了（后悔） | You shouldn't have eaten so much. |
| could have + pp | 过去本来能做（但没做） | You could have told me. |
| might have + pp | 过去可能已经（较低把握） | He might have left already. |
| needn't have + pp | 过去做了但其实没必要 | You needn't have hurried. |
●She looks pale. She must have been ill. 她看起来很苍白，她一定是生病了
●I should have brought an umbrella. 我本应该带雨伞的（现在后悔）
📌 情态动词表推测（现在/将来）⚠️ 易错点
根据情态动词判断推测的把握程度。
| 把握程度 | 肯定 | 否定 |
|---|
| 几乎确定（90%+） | must be | can't/couldn't be |
| 可能（50%） | may/might be | may not/might not be |
| 有能力/可能 | can/could be | — |
●That must be Toad at the door. 门口那个一定是蟾蜍
●It may/might be true. 这可能是真的
●That can't be right! 那不可能是对的！
📌 与现在/将来事实相反的虚拟🔥 重难点
假设与现在或将来不符的情况，表达"要是...就好了"。
If + 主语 + 动词过去式，主语 + would/could/might + 动词原形
●If I were a bird, I would fly everywhere. 如果我是一只鸟（但我不是），我就到处飞
●If Toad had a letter, he would be happy. 如果蟾蜍有一封信，他就会开心了
●If I had more time, I could read more. 如果我有更多时间，我就能读更多书
⚠️ 虚拟语气中 be 动词一律用 were（不用 was），无论主语是 I/he/she/it
If I were you...（✓）If I was you...（口语可以，书面不规范）
📌 与过去事实相反的虚拟🔥 重难点
对过去的假设，表示遗憾"要是当时...就好了"。
If + 主语 + had + pp，主语 + would/could/might + have + pp
●If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. 如果我当时更努力学习，我就会通过考试了（但我没有）
●If Frog had known, he would have helped. 如果青蛙当时知道的话，他就会帮忙了
📌 混合虚拟（过去条件→现在结果）🔥 重难点
条件是过去的假设，结果是对现在的影响。
If + 主语 + had + pp（过去条件），主语 + would + 动词原形（现在结果）
●If I had taken that job, I would be rich now. 如果当时我接受了那份工作，我现在就会很富有了
📌 wish / if only 虚拟🔥 重难点
wish + 主语 + 过去式（对现在的遗憾）
wish + 主语 + had + pp（对过去的遗憾）
wish + 主语 + would/could + 动词原形（对将来的希望）
●I wish I were taller. 我希望我能更高（现在的遗憾）
●I wish I had read that book earlier. 我希望我早点读了那本书（过去的遗憾）
●I wish it would stop raining. 我希望雨能停（对将来的希望）
●If only I had more time! 要是我有更多时间就好了！（感情更强烈）
📌 其他虚拟语气结构⚠️ 易错点
●It's time (that) he went to bed. 他该去睡觉了（It's time + 过去式）
●I'd rather you didn't tell her. 我宁愿你不要告诉她（would rather + 从句过去式）
●He suggested that she study harder. 他建议她更努力学习（suggest/insist/demand + should + 动词原形，should可省略）
suggest/insist/demand/require/order/propose/recommend + that + (should) + 动词原形（虚拟语气）
📌 强调句 It is/was...that/who...🔥 重难点
强调句子的某个成分（主语、宾语、状语），用 it is/was...that/who... 结构。
It is/was + 被强调成分 + that/who + 其余部分
●It was Frog that helped Toad. 是青蛙帮助了蟾蜍（强调主语）
●It was yesterday that I met him. 是昨天我遇见了他（强调时间）
●It was the letter that made Toad happy. 是那封信让蟾蜍高兴的（强调宾语）
判断是否为强调句：去掉 It is/was...that，句子是否仍然完整。完整→强调句；不完整→it作形式主语的主语从句。
📌 倒装句🔥 重难点
将谓语（助动词）提至主语前，起强调作用或满足语法要求。
否定词/副词提前 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词
●Never have I seen such a beautiful sight. 我从未见过如此美丽的景色
●Not only did he read the book, but he also wrote a review. 他不仅读了书，还写了书评
●Hardly had I arrived when it began to rain. 我刚到，就开始下雨了
●So beautiful was the day that we stayed outside all morning. 那天天气如此美好，我们在外面待了整个上午
触发完全倒装的常见词：Here/There + be + 主语（Here comes Frog!）
触发部分倒装的：never, seldom, hardly/scarcely...when, not only...but also, no sooner...than, only, so/such
📌 省略句 & 替代⚠️ 易错点
避免重复，用 so/neither/nor/do/does/did 代替前面的内容。
●Frog likes cookies. So does Toad. 青蛙喜欢饼干，蟾蜍也是（肯定+肯定）
●I don't like snakes. Neither/Nor does she. 我不喜欢蛇，她也不（否定+否定）
●A: I'm tired. B: So am I. 甲：我累了。乙：我也是（be动词用so am/is/are）
so + 倒装 = 也（前面说什么，我也...）
so + 正常语序 = 确实是这样（That's true）：
"He is smart." "So he is."（他确实很聪明）
📌 附加疑问句 Tag Questions⚠️ 易错点
在陈述句后加简短疑问，寻求确认。前肯后否，前否后肯。
肯定句，+ 否定短疑 | 否定句，+ 肯定短疑
●You like reading, don't you? 你喜欢读书，不是吗？
●She isn't tired, is she? 她不累，对吧？
●Frog went home, didn't he? 青蛙回家了，不是吗？
●They have finished, haven't they? 他们已经完成了，对吧？
📌 常用衔接词（写作利器）
| 功能 | 衔接词 |
|---|
| 递进/补充 | In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, What's more |
| 转折/对比 | However, Nevertheless, On the other hand, In contrast, Yet |
| 因果 | Therefore, Thus, As a result, Consequently, Hence |
| 举例 | For example, For instance, Such as, Including |
| 总结 | In conclusion, In summary, To sum up, Overall, In short |
| 顺序 | First(ly), Second(ly), Then, Next, Finally, Lastly |
| 强调 | In fact, Indeed, Actually, Above all, Most importantly |
📌 常用写作句型
●It is + 形容词 + (for sb.) + to do sth.
It is important for us to read widely. 博览群书对我们来说很重要
●The + 比较级..., the + 比较级...
The more you practice, the better you get. 越练越好
●Not only...but also...
Not only did she read the book, but she also wrote a report. 她不仅读了书，还写了报告
●Both...and... / Either...or... / Neither...nor...
Both Frog and Toad love cookies. 青蛙和蟾蜍都喜欢饼干
●It seems/appears that...
It seems that Toad is worried about something. 蟾蜍似乎在担心什么
📌 独立主格结构🔥 重难点
名词/代词 + 分词/形容词/名词，作状语，主语与主句不同。
●Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic. 天气允许的话，我们去野餐
●His work done, Frog went home to rest. 工作做完后，青蛙回家休息了
●All things considered, it was a great day. 综合考虑，这是美好的一天